Ten years have passed since the Paris Agreement was adopted at COP21, and the planet now grapples with unprecedented challenges. Despite global commitments to curb warming well below 2°C and aim for the 1.5°C target, emissions rise alarmingly, and temperatures follow suit. The devastating impacts of climate change are evident worldwide, particularly in India, with regions like Uttarakhand, Punjab, and Jammu and Kashmir feeling the heat.
a turning point
Over the decade, the Paris Agreement has encouraged a significant shift towards low-carbon economies. A decade ago, fossil fuels dominated energy production. Nowadays, renewable sources like wind, solar, and hydroelectricity are the order of the day, spurring economic growth and job creation. This transition marks notable progress toward energy security and sovereignty.
The concept of electric vehicles, once a dream, is now reality. Advances in battery and energy storage have propelled electric vehicles to capture nearly 20% of global new car sales. This shift reduces fossil fuel dependence in transport and improves urban air quality.
the impressive example of the solar alliance
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) exemplifies India’s and France’s dedication to robust climate multilateralism. Formed during COP21 in Paris, it was a shared vision by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and former French President François Hollande. The ISA, now a coalition of over 120 countries, has made strides through capacity building and financial mechanisms, supporting energy transitions.
At the Eighth Assembly, co-chaired by this writer and India’s Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Pralhad Joshi, the ISA’s achievements were truly inspiring. Solar energy accessibility remains its core mission.
India’s commitment to renewables is impressive, with a goal for solar to comprise half its energy. By 2047, India anticipates economic growth on a low-carbon path. Achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070 is part of this vision. Recently, India surpassed its 2030 target for non-fossil power capacity, achieving it five years early.
a decade of progress
Originally, before the Paris Agreement, the world faced potential warming of 4°C-5°C by century’s end. Due to collective efforts, this trajectory has adjusted to 2°C-3°C, though still beyond sustainable levels. Yet, it showcases the power of collaborative action and effective multilateralism acknowledged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The Paris Agreement succeeds because it is equitable, fair, and supports nations most vulnerable to climate impacts. It respects national circumstances and encourages differentiated commitments.
priorities for the future
These efforts must extend far and wide, and at COP30 in Belém, five priorities should steer the international community:
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Increase Ambition: Collective emission reduction goals must strengthen. The current effort remains inadequate, urging accelerated action for the global populace and future.
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Inclusive Transition: Concentrate on a fair transition, focusing on vulnerable communities. France commits a third of its climate finance to adaptation, contributing to the Green Climate Fund, the Loss and Damage Fund, and CREWS early warning systems.
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Natural Carbon Sinks: Defend forests, mangroves, and oceans as vital carbon sinks. From the Amazon to the Sundarbans, these ecosystems are integral allies in combatting climate change.
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Empower Non-State Actors: Engage local governments, businesses, scientists, philanthropies, and citizens to implement ambitions. COP21’s broad engagement must now yield tangible benefits.
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Support Science: Reinforce the IPCC and counter climate misinformation. France, alongside Brazil and other nations, works to ensure data and science guide the global shift, not fear.
in perspective
The Paris Agreement initiated an irreversible transformation. While obstacles exist, the momentum is unstoppable. Adaptation has become essential. Industries are making perpetual investments. Local authorities now integrate sustainability into their projects. Multilateralism, despite its challenges, will continue to thrive if belief persists.
Benoît Faraco serves as France’s Special Envoy for Climate Negotiations and was a Senior Energy and Environment Adviser to the French President.
Published – October 30, 2025 12:08 am IST
